History of Baking Soda - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 665 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Biology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Its simple, basic and cheap. Baking soda is simply sodium bicarbonate, a substance found naturally in mineral deposits, oceans and lake sediments as trona ore. Sodium bicarbonate is also manufactured in the human body, where it helps to maintain the correct pH of the blood stream, neutralizes stomach acids and plaque acids, and carries carbon dioxide from bodily tissue to the lungs. Baking soda is a white crystalline powder (NaHCO3) better known to chemists as sodium bicarbonate, bicarbonate of soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium acid carbonate. It is classified as an acid salt, formed by combining an acid (carbonic) and a base (sodium hydroxide), and it reacts with other chemicals as a mild alkali. At temperatures above 300 degrees Fahrenheit (149 degrees Celsius), baking soda decomposes into sodium carbonate (a more stable substance), water, and carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate was discovered by two workers at a college of medicine in Berlin in the year 1800. At the time there was a lot of interest in the properties and behaviour of what was called fixed air (carbon dioxide). This strange material generated the bubbles in fermenting beer mash, could be made by adding acid to soda (sodium carbonate) or pearl ash (potassium carbonate), and was somehow made in the lungs of animals from the component in ordinary air, oxygen. Imported from England, baking soda was first used in America during colonial times, but it was not produced in the United States until 1839. In 1846, Austin Church, a Connecticut physician, and John Dwight, a farmer from Massachusetts, established a factory in New York to manufacture baking soda. Dr. Churchs son, John, owned a mill called the Vulcan Spice Mills. Vulcan, the Roman god of forge and fire, was represented by an arm and hammer, and the new baking soda company adopted the arm and hammer logo as its own. Today, the Arm Hammer brand of baking soda is among the most widely recognized brand names. The native chemical and physical properties of baking soda account for its wide range of applications, including cleaning, deodorizing, and buffering. Baking soda neutralizes odors chemically, rather than masking or absorbing them. Consequently, it is used in bath salts and deodorant body powders. Its ability to tabletize makes it a good effervescent ingredient in antacids and denture cleaning products. Sodium bicarbonate is also found in some anti-plaque mouthwash products and toothpaste. When baking soda is used as a cleaner in paste form or dry on a damp sponge, its crystalline structure provides a gentle abrasion that helps to remove dirt without scratching sensitive surfaces. Its mild alkalinity works to turn up fatty acids contained in dirt and grease into a form of soap that can be dissolved in water and rinsed easily. Baking soda is also used as a leavening agent in making baked goods such as bread or pancakes. When combined with an acidic agent (such as lemon juice), carbon diox ide gas is released and is absorbed by the products cells. As the gas expands during baking, the cell walls expand as well, creating a leavened product. In addition to its many home uses, baking soda also has many industrial applications. For instance, baking soda releases carbon dioxide when heated. Since carbon dioxide is heavier than air, it can smother flames by keeping oxygen out, making sodium bicarbonate a useful agent in fire extinguishers. Other applications include air pollution control (because it absorbs sulfur dioxide and other acid gas emissions), abrasive blastings for removal of surface coatings, chemical manufacturing, leather tanning, oil well drilling fluids (because it precipitates calcium and acts as a lubricant), rubber and plastic manufacturing, paper manufacturing, textile processing, and water treatment (because it reduces the level of lead and other heavy metals). Sideman, Eva. Baking Soda. How Products Are Made. 1994. Encyclopedia. com. (September 1 6, 2010). https://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-2896500017. html BookRags Staff. Baking Soda. 2005. (September 20, 2010) https://www. bookrags. com/research/baking-soda-woi/ Fellows,Chris. â€Å"How was sodium bicarbonate discovered. † 2000. https://www. madsci. org/posts/archives/2000-11/975608559. Sh. r. html Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History of Baking Soda" essay for you Create order

The Hebrews Are A Covenant Oriented Demographic - 925 Words

The Hebrews are a Covenant oriented demographic. Their holy book is the Torah and as defined by God for the Torah there are six Covenants to follow these would include: Abrahamic, Mosaic, Priestly, Davidic, and the New Covenant. The main question pertains to the fact of how faithful were the Hebrews And God to these Covenants. Another thought is to how did these Covenants separate the Hebrews from their surrounding neighbors? Can these covenants be applied to daily life and resound on a personal level in 2016 as well?I firmly believe that the covenants can provide a peace of mind for those that are willing to accept the Scriptures and apply them to be a more ethical and morally sound person. The six Covenants define Hebrew law and give a basis for how the current population of Jewish people follows and practice their religion. The first Covenant is the Abrahamic covenant this is defined in Genesis chapters 12 through 13. In Genesis 12 and 15, God grants Abraham land and desce ndants. This Covenant states that to make of Abraham a great nation and bless Abraham and make his name great so that he will be a blessing, to bless those who bless him and curse him who curses him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through Abraham. To give Abraham s descendants all the land from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates, this is now known as Israel. To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give the whole land of Canaan to hisShow MoreRelatedLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesinitialisminstead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title. Part of a series on | Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender(LGBT) people | | Sexual orientation | * Homosexuality * Demographics * Biology * Environment | History | * LGBT history * Timeline * Social movements | Culture | * LGBT community * Coming out * Pride * Slang * Symbols * Gay village | Rights | * Laws around the world * MarriageRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages......... Ministers Thoroughly to Instruct Candidates Previous to Baptism ........................................................................... Public Examination .................................................................. Baptismal Covenant ................................................................. Baptismal Vow and Baptism ......................................................... Baptismal Vow ........................................................................ Vow ....Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesstructural conduciveness, that is, highly differentiated institutions, signiï ¬ cant conï ¬â€šict of interests, and signiï ¬ cant social problems, (2) the experience of â€Å"strain† by a group (or groups) of people as a result of economic, political, ecological, or demographic factors, (3) the emergence of generalized beliefs, which explain the causes, consequences and solutions to the strain being experienced, (4) certain precipitating factors, or events that set off collective action, (5) mobilization for action,

Light of Characteristic and Behavioural Methodologies

Question: Discuss about the Light of Characteristic and Behavioural Methodologies. Answer: Introduction A good manager can help an association accomplish its objectives; however a decent leader can help an association accomplish superiority and upper hand. This exposition investigates what administration implies, utilizing references to bolster my view. An outline of my life history clarifies my qualities and inspirations as a man and encounters as a director and pioneer, which is then upheld by the after-effects of various identity tests that gives more target appraisal of my aptitudes and attributes. At last, 360-degree input from associates and partners is utilized for providing fundamental criticism on my qualities and shortcomings as a pioneer. The conclusion indicates how the discoveries of this task will help me create as a pioneer later on. Fayol's hypotheses were the first establishment for management as a discipline and as a profession. Likewise Fayol was the first to promote management education. Fayol's speculations were the after-effects of his administrative encounters and his appearance on the ones that worked best. When he retired at 77 years old, he invested his energy advancing and distributing his speculations of organization and establishing the Centre of Administrative Studies (Pryor Taneja, 2010). Powerful administration practices are found among effective associations. Among those practices are building up all around characterized qualities and objectives and attempting to make representatives acknowledge those qualities as their own; knowing the association's customers and attempting to discover and keep those customers satisfied; creating and supporting workers; and imparting obviously. (Lidh, 2013) The part of direction is a key for overseeing when we consider that achieving organisational objectives depends on individuals and how we can impact them to help out us (Samson and Draft, 2012). Authority implies that the relationship among individuals is not latent. Besides, impact is intended to accomplish some end or objective. Consequently, authority as characterized here is the capacity to impact individuals towards the fulfilment of objectives. This definition catches the possibility that pioneers are included with other individuals in the accomplishment of objectives. Authority is equal, happening among individuals. Authority is a "people" action, unmistakable from managerial printed material or activities for the problem solving. (Samson and Draft, 2012) I can attract parallels to my initial understanding as boss in an oil and gas exploration association. My part included booking gatherings, setting objectives, characterizing duties, controlling the financial plan and announcing forms, team administration, managing conflict, yet there was additionally necessity of an initiative. I was dealing with a group of moderately aged men, a number of whom were unmotivated and underestimated, and maybe questionable of a youngster acting in the venture administration part. Accomplishing the group's objectives required inspiration, acknowledgment of their abilities, empowering imagination and excitement and cooperatively making a vision. A customary perspective of history considers it to be the result of incredible people for the most part men who have moulded in the significant occasions, for instance Roosevelt and Kennedy (US), Churchill and Thatcher (UK), Gorbachev (Russia), Ghandi (India), Mandela (South Africa), and Menzies or Whitlam (Australia). Leaders can likewise lead their devotees off the track. To many individuals, Hitler and Stalin were pioneers. Enron and Lehman Brothers are among the many disparaged associations whose administrators were beforehand observed as pioneers. Consistently the press uncovers business, brandishing, government, political, religious or military pioneers who turn out not to be the pioneer numerous admirers thought, occupied with debasement or outrages of each sort. There have likewise been numerous speculations of administration throughout the years, from the 'characteristics hypothesis' to 'conduct hypothesis, for example, the administrative lattice based. In spite of this examination, there is still little accord on how authority impact functions. The most acknowledged speculations today allude to "transformational" and "real" initiative. Worker authority has additionally been persuasive. Essential impacts from earlier decades incorporate great man theory, trait theory, and situational (or possibility) theory. All speculations tend to highlight a solitary part of initiative, either in the pioneer, the drove or the circumstance. All have their constraints. Here, we take a gander at a portion of the more vital hypotheses. Like great man theory, trait theory proposes leaders have extraordinary identity qualities, for example, insight, vitality, instinct, prescience and the ability to induce (Yukl, 2013). Amidst the most recent century, scientists inspected a wide assortment of attributes, yet discovered little accord on which are fundamental to authority. Enthusiasm for characteristic hypothesis has hence declined in late decades, in spite of the fact that a couple of analysts still consider attributes essential. In attribute and behavioural speculations there is "one right path" to lead, a commence that was dismisses after World War II by scholars depicting administration as dependent upon the circumstance or setting. Diverse initiative styles were proposed for various circumstances. The recent theories of leaderships are considered situational impacts on initiative sort, otherwise called situational and possibility hypotheses. A few initiative methodologies can't help contradicting the possibility of generally effective practices and styles in pioneer supporter settings. This surge of thought concentrates on particular circumstances in which pioneers will probably succeed if their qualities compare to the current circumstance. In light of characteristic and behavioural methodologies, these possibility speculations hold that a leader is best if a circumstance matches his or her authority style (Tyssen, Wald, Spieth, 2013). Defender's exploration demonstrated one circumstance situated approach in which fleeting quality assumes a key part is possibility show. Accessible time is viewed as one component that influences the decision for one of seven authority styles, going from imperious to participative. The method of reasoning is the basic reality that participative choices take additional time, which implies that the shorter an endeavours length, the more fitting a totalitarian initiative style. Way objective hypothesis, another situational approach, firmly identifies with supporter arranged methodologies since it concentrates on devotee practices and inclinations (Winkler, 2009). It recognizes subordinate variables (i.e., the level of expert looked for by a representative), the control of objective accomplishment, one's own capacities, and natural elements (Tyssen, Wald, Spieth, 2013). A further field of research concentrated on value-based and transformational authority. Enthusiasm for appeal started with quality hypothesis, yet it ended up noticeably vital in its own particular ideal amid the 1980s as issues with attribute, behavioral and situational speculations rose (Avolio, Walumbwa, and Weber, 20009). In changing authority, pioneers and adherents "raise each other to larger amounts of inspiration and ethical quality." Consumes' took this thought from Maslow's chain of importance of requirements, in which individuals create more elevated amounts of inspiration over their life expectancy. Transformational pioneers are like charming pioneers, yet are recognized by their exceptional capacity to achieve advancement and change by perceiving their devotees' needs and concerns, giving importance, testing individuals to take a gander at old issues in new ways and going about as good examples for new values and practices (Northouse, 2010). Transformational pioneers rou ses supporters to put stock in pioneer by and by, as well as to put stock in their own capability to envision and make a superior future for association. Transformational pioneers make huge change in both their adherents and the association. Transformational authority can be better comprehended when consider in contrast with value-based initiative. Value-based pioneers elucidate the part and undertaking necessities of subordinates, impersonate structure, give proper rewards, and attempt to be obliging and meet the social needs of subordinates. The value-based pioneers' capacity for fulfilment of the subordinates may enhances profitability. Value-based pioneers surpass at administration work. Transformational pioneers have capacity to lead changes in the association's central goal, technique, structure and culture, and additionally to advance development in items and advances (Samson and Draft, 2012). A critical impact on administration style is the turbulence concern, globalization, changes in innovation, better approaches for working, moving, representative desires and noteworthy social moves have added to a move by they way we consider and hone authority. Four methodologies that are tuned in to authority for now's turbulent circumstances are Level 5 initiative, hireling administration, credible authority and intelligent authority, which has been related with ladies' style of driving. Look into uncovers that level 5 pioneers is a practically absence of sense of self. Level 5 pioneers fabricate associations in view of strong qualities that go a long ways past simply profiting, with an immovable take steps to do whatever is expected to make the organization fruitful over the long haul. (Samson and Draft, 2012). So which can be better, for being a decent chief who is undertaking centered, or be a people-centric pioneer? It is conceivable to be a decent pioneer however a terrible director there is little guide persuading a group toward make an incredible showing with regards to on a venture when it is not conveyed on-time, on spending plan or in degree. In like manner, a great chief can be auspicious, sorted out and plainly convey errands to staff, however in the event that staff spirit is low, or staff don't share a typical vision, there might be little exertion or profitability to accomplish objectives. This is the reason both administration and administration properties cooperating are vital, and having transformational or visionary qualities as a pioneer close by fantastic administrative abilities is a definitive mix So which is better, to be a decent chief who is assignment centric, or be a people- centric pioneer? It is conceivable to be a decent pioneer however an awful administrator - there is little direct spurring a group toward make an incredible showing with regards to on a venture when it is not conveyed on-time, on spending plan or in extension. In like manner, a great supervisor can be convenient, sorted out and unmistakably impart assignments to staff, however in the event that staff confidence is low, or staff don't share a typical vision, there might be little exertion or profitability to accomplish objectives. This is the reason both initiative and administration traits cooperating are pivotal, and having transformational or visionary qualities as a pioneer close by fantastic administrative abilities is a definitive combination. Conclusion This self-analysis has been the most far reaching appraisal of my administration and authority capabilities I have attempted. It has permitted me to distinguish ranges of quality and shortcoming, and has given important data to further self-improvement with a specific end goal to wind up plainly a capable pioneer. While my kin centered and undertaking centered traits are very solid I trust two primary territories for improvement are my basic speculation and examination aptitudes and my impacting abilities. These can be improved through honing, going to instructional classes and putting the abilities energetically in the work environment and in my own life. A quality to further use would enable individuals, especially through better attention to staff needs and inspirations and helping them accomplish their profession targets. Building up these aptitudes will help in my very own advancement additionally contribute towards gathering and hierarchical objectives through expanded skill. M oreover, while I am a decent pioneer, I do not have a portion of the abilities to empower me to end up noticeably a transformational pioneer, for example, being visionary and grasping and empowering change, and I ought to be aware of nonstop change, always scanning for new and better approaches to accomplish objectives. The self-investigation has made me understand that on finishing my reviews I need to come back to the workforce to additionally build up my administration and initiative skills inside a corporate part.

The Pros and Cons of Obamacare Essay Example For Students

The Pros and Cons of Obamacare Essay The topic that I am choosing to do is on Obama Care. I chose this topic because the idea of the government forcing people to obtain insurance is wrong in my eyes. I am interested in analyzing the validity for what has been said about this topic in order to increase my understanding about Obama Care. I am not an expert when it comes to Obama Care. I know that this is an insurance that is being provided through the government for the general public. I have read that President Obama never initially read the whole bill itself. I also know that people who cannot afford it, but make too much money to qualify for Medicaid are being heavily encouraged to get this insurance. Some of the common knowledge that I have found that the general public has about this subject is that some people are for Obama Care and think that it is a wonderful idea and that there are some people that are dead set against Obama Care. Younger adults, specifically college age and individuals that are in their twenties tend to be for Obama Care. The insurance is being forced upon individuals that may or may not want it. It also seems as though that the insurance being offered is pretty generic in terms of coverage. We will write a custom essay on The Pros and Cons of Obamacare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some of the questions that I have that I believe will aide me in writing this paper would be the following: What are the pros and cons of Obama Care? What are the thoughts of Obama Care with the people of the government? As well as what are the basics of Obama Care? What is Obamacare? Describing What Obamacare is. What is it for? It is call the â€Å"Affordable Healthcare Act,† to make it affordable for everybody in the United States to afford doctors, hospitals and prescriptions. Also that the government can control. .cine Ethic, 20-37. Investors, B. D. (2014, Janurary 8). Health Reform Wal-Marts Way. Investors Business Daiky, p. A14. Moncrieff, A. R. (2013). The Individual Mandate as HealthCare Regulation: What the Obama Administration Should Have Said in NFIB Sebelius. America Journal of Law Medicine,39, 539-572. Norton, E. H. , Jacobus, C., Clifton. (2013, December 30). Capitol Strategies Presdent Interview. Fox News. (C. Payne, Interviewer) PR, N. (2011, January 18). ACLJ: More Than 70,000 Americans Urge Congress to Appeal Obamacare. PR Newswire US. Shapiro, I. (20013). Like Eastwood Talking To A Chair The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly Of The Obamacar Ruling. Obamacare Final , 1-23. Turner, G.-M. (2013, September 24). A Resistances Movement Rises Up Against ObamaCare. Business Wire. www.ehealth.com. (2014, March 26). Retrieved from ehealth: www. ehalthcare.com

buy custom Opiate Addiction essay

buy custom Opiate Addiction essay The paper will introduce opiate addiction and explore its important aspects such its prescription, diagnostic criteria, etiology and opiate prevalence. The paper will also survey manifestation and course of opiate addiction and its differential diagnosis. The treatment of opiate addiction through self help and support groups will be explored in this paper. Assessment of the effectiveness of the available treatment methods will be discussed in detail. The history of medical involvement in opiate addiction is depicted by political disagreements over deviance descriptions. According to Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, the description of opiate abuse has differed from a late 19th century due to lack of concern as a societal problem to 20th century as a criminal offense of those use it (2011). Opiate addiction is pathological condition although in instances where opiates leads to addiction the amount of time involved cannot be simply predetermined (Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, 2011). Prescription Opiate Addiction Worldwide there is a serious worry for opiate addiction and opiate overdose deaths. The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) defines drug abuse as the use of a Schedule II through Schedule V drug in a way or quantity that is incoherent with the medical or social pattern of culture (Lowinson, 2005). Schedule V drug refers to a class of drugs that have a small prospective for abuse or addiction. Opiate dependency in the addiction field is more than taking a large quantity of opiates. Lowinson (2005) says that a patient who takes a prescribed opiate on a regular basis may become physically dependant on the medication but is hardly an addict unless the patients behaviour meets the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria for opiate dependence (Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, 2011). Surveys have found fundamental increase in misuse of hydrocodone and oxycodone products. These are opiates and their availability has remained relatively stable from 1994 to 1999. Prescription opiate abuse relates to the inherent abuse liability of the prescribed opiate and its distraction from the intended route of distribution (Lowinson, 2005). Prescription opiate abuse is associated with certain pharmacologic properties. Opiates include morphine, heroin, codeine, meperidine, and hydromorphone. Heroin is available only unlawfully in the United States. Opiates are frequently used for pain control (Murphy CowanBottom of Form, 2008) Diagnostic Criteria The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM) delineates the diagnostic criteria for prescription opiate dependence and abuse. Opiate addiction is characterized by significant level of tolerance defined by the need for markedly increased quantities of opiate to attain intoxication or desired effect (DSM, 2000). For opiate dependence, tolerance is also defined by diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of opiate (DSM, 2000). Individuals also experience withdrawal which is marked by the typical withdrawal syndrome for opiates and remarkable withdrawal symptoms of dysphoric mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, lacrimation or rhinorrhea, diarrhea, yawning, fever, insomnia, gooseflesh, sweating (DSM, 2000). Opiates are also taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. The central feature of opiate diagnostic criteria is continued use of the drug despite persistent and recurrent social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems caused by the use of the drug (DSM, 2000). For opiate addiction to be diagnosed at least three signs must be present. Individuals desire for the drug persists (Hunt, Milhet Bergeron, 2011). The signs include craving for an opioid drug, rhinorrhea or sneezing,lacrimation, muscle aches or cramps, abdominal cramps and nausea or vomiting (DSM, 2000). Opiate addiction is not restricted to low socioeconomic classes even though the prevalence of opiate dependence is greater in these groups than in higher socioeconomic classes (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Sadock, Kaplan Virginia (2007) noted that social factors associated with urban poverty possibly contribute to opiate dependence. Studies indicate that 50 percent of urban opiate users are children of single parents or divorced parents and are from families in which at least one other member has a substance related disorder (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Children from such settings are at high risk for opiate dependence particularly if they also evidence behavioral in school or other signs of conduct disorder (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Sadock, Kaplan Virginia (2007) indicated that some consistent behaviour patterns seem to be especially pronounced in adolescents with opiate dependence (p. 445). Opiate addicted individuals experience behavioral powerlessness counterac ted by disturbances in social and interpersonal relationships with peers maintained by mutual substance experiences (Sadock, Kaplan Virginia, 2007). Prevalence The prevalence of opiate addiction is determined by several factors. The first one is availability of the drugs. This implies that the greater the availability, the greater frequency of addiction (Souhami Moxham, 2002). The second factor is the accessibility of the drug. This explains the virtual commonness of drug addiction amongst doctors and nurses and in big cities and coastal areas in a certain state or country (Souhami Moxham, 2002). Souhami Moxham (2002) noted that the most important cause of opiate addiction is its availability. Availability of opiates means that susceptible individual expose themselves to the drug, either because they inhabit a subculture in which drug taking is prevalent, or because they are psychologically susceptible owing to family difficulties, dejection or boredom (Souhami Moxham, 2002). Murphy CowanBottom of Form (2008) says that opiate use and abuse are common in the United States. Prevalence for heroin dependence is about 0.1 percent, and prescription pain reliever dependence is about 0.6 percent. People who use opiates recreationally become addicted (Murphy CowanBottom of Form, 2008). Manifestation and Course of Addiction Pharmacological features of opiates tolerance and withdrawal syndrome ensure the establishment of a habit, and as well as physiological factors that enable people to maintain the addiction and make rehabilitation difficult (Souhami Moxham, 2002). Souhami Moxham (2002) indicated that it is possible that individuals susceptible to addiction may genetically be deficient in endorphins and hence opiate hungry (pg. 243). Opiates reduce the amount and effects of other cerebral neurotransmitters such as acetycholine (Souhami Moxham, 2002). In their research, Souhami Moxham (2002) also articulated that cerebral neurotransmitters has led to the super sensitivity theory of withdrawal syndrome, which postulates tha addicted individuals have reduced amounts of transmitter reaching postsynaptic receptors. Halting opiates results in a sudden increase in transmitter and stimulation of the already supersensitive receptor. Continued use of opiates causes long term transformations in the brain that can be successfully treated with prescriptions (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). Opiate withdrawal occurs when an individual with a chronic opiate addict abruptly stops or dramatically reduces opiate use. Miller Gold (2011) says that although abandonment from opiates causes bodily discomfort, it is not life threatening. Miller Gold (2011) established that the most general treatment for opiate withdrawal is methadone alternative; in which methadone is replaced with the drug for the addicted person and then slowly reduced once the patient is soothed (p. 102). Since methadone has a longer half-life than other opiates, the withdrawal and threats of difficulties are reduced, creating a smoother treatment. Furthermore, methadone can be orally given since it is a long-acting agent (Miller Gold, 2011). The DSM differential diagnosis Differential diagnosis enables a clinician or practitioner to characterize a disorder from another disorder that has similar features and criteria. The diagnosis of opiate addiction is generally obvious after a careful history of mental status and physical examinations (DSM, 2000). Opiate addiction is characterized by difficulties in solving problems, focusing on reading and writing and understanding what others say DSM (2000). The symptoms of opiate-related disorders are equivalent to the substance use disorders of Nicotine dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal, Cocaine Intoxication and Amphetamine or Phencyclidine Intoxication. DSM (2000) noted that opiate addicted patients like mental disorder victims experience a maladaptive pattern of drug use leading to clinically important distress. Opiate dependence is illustrated by the incapacity to stop taking opiate drugs or medications (Junig, 2008). Opiate addicts have a fascination to use opiate prescription that persists even after months or years, when withdrawal has long passed (Junig, 2008). Junig (2008) noted that opiate addiction is infuriating to the individual addicted and to his or her loved ones. Life for an opiate addict revolves around the drug because the addict is preoccupied with finding the subsequent prescription so as to evade becoming dope sick (Junig, 2008). Stine Kosten (1997) noted that there are two imperative characteristics of opiate dependence which include; easiness, regarded as a deteriorating drug effect after frequent administration and reliance exposed by a withdrawal condition after immediate discontinuation of opiate exposure. Opiates cause both bodily and psychosomatic dependence (Stine Kosten, 1997). Subsequently, regular prescription of opiates, going over a long period of time forms a physiological need for its sustained use (Lindesmith, 2008). Lindesmith (2008) established that when regular use is bunged, a number of worrying symptoms materialize, rising in sternness in quantity to the period of dependence and depending upon the amount and regularity of the dosage (p. 28). Researchers say that sustained use of opiates leads to an episodic, synthetically produced gloominess and distress which fades away instantaneously upon reiteration of the dosage. Within a period of three weeks of daily use, the moderation symptoms apparently increase at faster tempo and swiftly become very harsh and even treacherous (Lindesmith, 2008). Opiate drugs can simultaneously interrelate with major types of receptors in the brain and act as an agonist (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). The prejudiced outcomes of opiates are arbitrated through activities at mu opioid receptors, and intrusion with actions at these receptors causes a rational plan for coming up with medications for opiate dependence (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). Studies show that among the numerous effects of opiate drugs on neurons are alterations in gene expression. The modifications in gene expression are identified as significant in this type of dependence because of its steady and progressive expansion and the perseverance of many of its characteristics long after discontinuation of drug exposure (Fulco, Liverman Earley, 1995). In addition, opiates can manage some transcription features that are significant in neuronal gene expression. The idea of narcotics anonymous self-help group is a traditional and a valued approach of treatment to many drug addiction problems (Ghodse, 2010). Narcotics Anonymous is a support group for individuals suffering from drug addiction. Narcotics anonymous (NA) self help groups is a group of individuals with comparable problems who meet together willingly to help themselves. Opiate self help groups help individuals become ascetic (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) says that there is an underlying philosophy that it is impossible for an individual to overcome opiate addiction alone, but that this can be achieved with the help of the group (p. 173). Self help groups also provide mutual aid of people helping each other by offering companionship and sharing universal experiences (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) indicated that self help groups provide group support, social recognition and social personality for individuals who may have become very isolated because of their drug problem. Opiate addicts in established groups have access to a wide range of experience and build up skills and knowledge that may be genuine and realistic help to those trying to manage with opiate addiction (Miller Gold, 2011). Since those who able to cope with abstinent continue to attend the group for a while, new members are able to meet and identify with such people (Ghodse, 2010). These groups provide a life-long supportive program for sustained recovery. This is because opiate dependence is a chronic disorder in which there are many reversions (StellmaTop of Form. 1998). Self help groups are open to everyone with any type of drug problem and the only prerequisite for membership is the aspiration to stop using drugs (Ghodse, 2010). The approach of self help groups is based on the idea of addiction as a spiritual and therapeutic disease that can be prohibited but never cured. Opiates addicts follow the twelve steps stipulated in NA and AA programme for attaining abstinence (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) indicated that the twelve traditions of AA and NA safeguard the freedom of the group by outlining the principles that guide its organization and administration (pg. 174). The groups are autonomous, self supporting and decline outside contributions (Ghodse, 2010). The members of opiate dependence self help groups attend meetings recurrently (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) noted that during the meetings there is often a discussion based on the Twelve Steps and huge amount of emphasis is placed on complete openness and honesty with other members of the group (pg. 174). As an approach towards individuals recovery, the single shared common issue creates a strong bond between the members (Ghodse, 2010). New members of the group are encouraged to look for a sponsor within the group, a particular person to turn to during incidents of great need. The mandate of being a sponsor can be rewarding for the person concerned (Ghodse, 2010). Support Groups Support groups differ from self help groups in the way they are organized and run (Ghodse, 2010). Support groups offer the third form of opiate addiction treatment. Ghodse (2010) noted that support groups are run by a professional but they offer similar caring and non-critical environment (pg. 175). The support groups play a fundamental role to individuals who are parents and they and their children have exceptional needs which can be taken care of to some extent in an informal group setting. For opiate addicts support groups assist in mutual support between the members by providing them with a time and place to meet (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) indicated that for addicts who are parenting, support groups gives them a chance whereby they can chat about general child-care matters and important aspects of bringing up their families. Opiate dependence parents need this support but they may be reluctant to attend an ordinary playgroup because of anxiety about their drug problem (Ghodse, 2010). Support groups are accommodating to those who have just come off opiates and who are still at risk of going back to opiate use (Ghodse, 2010). Ghodse (2010) established that those who are near the end of a detoxification programme for example taking less than 10-15 mg methadone daily may also attend self help group (pg. 196). Support groups are regularly organized as part of the total programme of services of an expert clinic. They are also organized by voluntary agencies as one component of community response to opiate abuse problem (Ghodse, 2010). Support groups should use Yaloms principles were leaders learn the maintenance of stable groups, culture building and the use of the here and now group leadership skills (Haight Gibson, 2005). Haight Gibson (2005) noted that Yaloms principles help group leaders to carry out subgroupings, resolving crises in the groups, social reinforcement and act as transitional objects in the support groups. T Narcotics Anonymous Experience I attended a Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meeting so as to learn what actually goes on in such meetings. The group is well directed by a leader who ensures that no one is placed out of their profundity without intending to do so themselves. The meetings run for 60 to 90 minutes. In each meeting one of the twelve steps is read and discussed. They usually start with a word of prayer from the group leader and then afterwards Chapter 2 of the AA Big Book is read. The topics of discussion include the twelve steps and traditions of AA. Majority of the group affiliates are enthusiastically willing to read this narrative. Everyone is encouraged to get a sponsor to stand behind him or her. For example, with the analysis of the sponsor story we examined the significance of identifying a sponsor for constant support. After reading, the group member discussed about her understanding of how he or she used her sponsor over the last week. After the introduction, the group leader asked if there were newcomers or members attending the meeting for the second time. At the same time a list was passed around for anyone who intends to be contacted over the week or wanted to be a sponsor. Afterwards, one group member narrated his opiate addiction tale. The meeting was then opened for general discussion among the members. All members reviewed their weekly progress according to set procedure. During this time other group members were discouraged from commenting on the individual check-in report. The group leader made brief summary comments that recognized and positively reinforced behavioral changes that established that the group members was making an effort to achieve moderation and stability. After the break, the group members were asked to list common early warning signs of dejection, obsession and opiate addiction setbacks. Members were requested to bring in their daily symptom monitoring calculator to share what they noted about their symptoms and if they found it supportive. The whole procedure included five steps. The first step involved 15 minutes of the check-in procedure. The second step involved 5 minutes of the review of last weeks group topic and reading personal signals and early warning signs of trouble. The third step included the review of the last weeks skill practice questions on the first handout. Step four involved discussion of avoidance of high-risk situations and skills to refuse opiates if offered. The fifth step involved reviewing the skill practice for the next group and asking all members to keep developing and practicing their refusal skills. When I attended the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group meeting I acknowledged that people experience problems while overcoming opiate addiction. This approach of treatment is good because it encourages meeting other people with similar problems helps them to realize that they are not alone (Mueser, Noordsy Drake, 2003).This models the experience of opiate addiction, resulting in social validation and acceptance of the members who attend. I realized that many people benefited from sponsorship (Mueser, Noordsy Drake, 2003). This is because new members in the group choose a mentor with some experience, from whom he or she could learn and receive individual support. Sponsors helped new members both within and outside the group meetings. In my view Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group meetings give members the chance to understand the treatment procedures and information that we obtain from books, libraries, internet and medical personnel. This is a big opportunity to confront, in a secure setting, all those detrimental opinion that we have cultivated for so long, and to generate new skills that overrun those delusions from the past. While attending the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group meeting I noted that for people who were receiving professional care for their opiate addiction complications, self help groups are useful adjunct to their treatment (Mueser, Noordsy Drake, 2003). Self help groups promote diverse membership in that people from all walks of life attend these groups, so that a person can usually find someone with who to identify with. From the literature review it can be noted that self help and support groups play a fundamental role in the recovery of opiate addiction. The effectiveness of self help and support groups in the treatment and recovery of addicted individuals has been evaluated. It was found out that many people (35-65 percent) drop out in the first few months. Ghodse (2010) noted that those people who remain in the groups become active members. Ghodse (2010) commented that 65- 70 percent improve to some extent, taking opiates less than formerly or not at all (pg. 176). Treatment of opiate addicts is effective because during its administration it starts with a thorough assessment and detoxification if it is required. During the treatment period, patients participate in NA self help groups while in the primary stage of treatment and continue to do so when discharged to after care. Buy custom Opiate Addiction essay

Free Essays on Charles Dickens Hard Times

Charles Dicken’s Hard Times Hard Times by Charles Dickens is an unappealing book by both title and author name. However, upon opening it one is transferred to a world gone by. Hard times is an exuberant dramatization of life in England during the 1800’s. His characters and the personalities that they exhibit are found throughout the world and at many different times. Life is filled with vagrant people. It is also filled with heartfelt people and people who can hardly wait to stab one in the back before one’s back is turned. There are kind, mean, self-centered, and righteous people. The list could go on and on. There are typical people and those of whom, under the surface, are atypical. Beneath the surface are people who may have been run ragged, loved dearly, or fed fun fact after fact. There are many people who succumbed to the world around them and have been forced to adjust to the lives that they were given. This is the case with Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe, two characters in the aforementioned book. Although Louisa and Sissy were presented as two different and distinct characters, they had much in common. As one reads Hard Times one can see the differences between Sissy and Louisa. Sissy who was, Extremely deficient in your [her] facts. Your [her] acquaintance with figures is very limited... You [she] are an affectionate, earnest, good young woman-and-we must make that do. (pp. 85-6) And then Louisa who was described, â€Å" The lady is quite a philosopher... Her father gives her such a portentously hard-headed reputation...† (p. 114). These two girls were completely different characters in the book. It was transparent that, though they were so different, they both starved for the attention and the love of their fathers. Both girls were seeking the approval of that one man who was held dearest to each of their hearts. It was through the want of love that both Louisa’s and... Free Essays on Charles Dicken's Hard Times Free Essays on Charles Dicken's Hard Times Charles Dicken’s Hard Times Hard Times by Charles Dickens is an unappealing book by both title and author name. However, upon opening it one is transferred to a world gone by. Hard times is an exuberant dramatization of life in England during the 1800’s. His characters and the personalities that they exhibit are found throughout the world and at many different times. Life is filled with vagrant people. It is also filled with heartfelt people and people who can hardly wait to stab one in the back before one’s back is turned. There are kind, mean, self-centered, and righteous people. The list could go on and on. There are typical people and those of whom, under the surface, are atypical. Beneath the surface are people who may have been run ragged, loved dearly, or fed fun fact after fact. There are many people who succumbed to the world around them and have been forced to adjust to the lives that they were given. This is the case with Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe, two characters in the aforementioned book. Although Louisa and Sissy were presented as two different and distinct characters, they had much in common. As one reads Hard Times one can see the differences between Sissy and Louisa. Sissy who was, Extremely deficient in your [her] facts. Your [her] acquaintance with figures is very limited... You [she] are an affectionate, earnest, good young woman-and-we must make that do. (pp. 85-6) And then Louisa who was described, â€Å" The lady is quite a philosopher... Her father gives her such a portentously hard-headed reputation...† (p. 114). These two girls were completely different characters in the book. It was transparent that, though they were so different, they both starved for the attention and the love of their fathers. Both girls were seeking the approval of that one man who was held dearest to each of their hearts. It was through the want of love that both Louisa’s and...

Strategic Analysis and Selection of Information Systems Essay

Strategic Analysis and Selection of Information Systems - Essay Example For the purpose of this assignment, two articles will be reviewed for inclusion into the essay. The first is Collaborative Computing and True Enterprise Architecture is Still Two Years Away, by Worthen and the second is B2B: Execution of the Concept is Key to Success by M. Sawhney. The purpose of this assignment is to explain the relationship between business strategy in IT strategy, determine any problems that occurred with strategy formulation, determine if there were problems with strategy implementation, and determine if there were problems with the strategic process. In order to fully understand the concepts presented in this assignment, it is first essential to know the definition of the words that will be discussed herein. Strategy can be defined as "a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning". Strategy is differentiated from tactics or immediate actions with resources at hand by its nature of being extensively premeditated, and often practically rehearsed. Strategies are used to make the problem or problems easier to understand and solve" (Wikipedia, 2008). Strategy formulation then can be defined as "the process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and thereby accomplishing organizational purpose" (Kotelnikov, 2008). Strategic processes are made up of macro processes within an organization. "All organizational work is part of one or more processes. At their very broadest, macro processes can span an entire organization and cut across all major function s or departments. Examples of macro processes include the design and development of new products/services; producing products or delivering services; product order or service request fulfillment; invoicing/accounting, and collecting money; inventory management and logistics; information management; admitting, discharging, and transferring patients; or generating leads and making sales" (Clemmer 2008). Article 1 B2B: Execution of the Concept is Key to Success, by Mohanbir Sawhney Problems with Strategy Formulation When forming their strategy, "Their logic seemed elegant: create marketplaces that would match buyers and sellers, bringing improved liquidity, efficiency and transparency to B2B transactions, and make money through transaction fees from the trades, Once the buyers and sellers were on board to conduct transactions, the exchanges could augment that core functionality with value-added services such as logistics management, credit and settlement, and supplier verification" (Sawhney, 2002, p. 1). Yet, the B2B boom that was supposed to happen did not. This happened when investors started to question the business model upon with the new B2B concept was based. In other words, it was not the strategy formulation that was the problem; it was the strategy implementation. Problems with Strategy Implementation The article says itself, "One might conclude from the evidence that the idea of a B2B exchange is fundamentally flawed. However, it's not the concept of the exchange that is flawed but the execution of that concept" (Sawhney, 2002, p. 1). The article cites the chicken-and-the-egg concept as the reason for the failure of the B2B concept; i.e. it is hard to get buyers without suppliers and it is hard to get

Internal Fraud Investigation at Lakes Inc Assignment

Internal Fraud Investigation at Lakes Inc - Assignment Example Next were co-conspirators then the main suspect. Professionalism was maintained as was respect for the suspects rights. All interviews and proceedings were recorded. A confession was obtained from the key suspect after a leniency deal with the co-conspirator. The investigation recommended an out of court settlement. Introduction Internal fraud is increasingly becoming a major concern for organizations either with staff abusing their positions, making false claims or outrightly obtaining company assets by unauthorized means. While staff should be the first line of defense against fraud attacks, some staff members take advantage of this and become the fraudsters. The UK leading anti-fraud agency, CIFAS reported a 70 percent increase in internal fraud by employees in the half year of 2009 (Jones, 2011). The rise in staff fraud necessitates investigations in the most professional and effective manner to root out the offenders, recover stolen property and mitigate such future occurrences. This paper will give a narrative of Lake Inc. case where the Associate purchasing director was reported to be abusing his position to obtain goods fraudulently. The essay will report on how the investigation was done, the findings and conclusions made. On receiving the tip, the Lakes Inc. management contacted the writer to get to the bottom of the issue by conducting a thorough and professional investigation. The basic steps for investigating internal fraud were conducted to solve the case. The fact that the investigations started almost two months after the staff tip-off could potentially have jeopardized the case. This is because frauds should be reported, verified and investigated as soon as possible. This way tracking evidence is faster and the evidence is still fresh. Sufficient grounds to believe fraud had taken place were established by myself before getting on with the investigation. I used interviewing, document scrutiny and making personal observations to get to the root of the case, and secured control and ownership of the relevant purchase and payment documents. This was essential in ensuring they are not tampered with and that they could be availed and used as evidence. The documents helped form the basis for conducting the investigation at Lakes Inc. I reviewed the obvious information first; that false invoices had been used to obtain refunds by the purchases department amounting to $ 8 795.60, before getting into the details. Getting detailed information involved interviewing neutral third party witnesses to the case after scrutinizing the invoicing documents and authenticating them. The neutral third party witnesses interviewed were dispatch and collection personnel, the stores and inventory clerks, and the IT support department (Coenen, 2009). These were interviewed to verify no computer servers were bought as stated in the invoice and claim documents were actually delivered, entered into the inventory records, and/ or installed. The intervie w took place on the 6th August. From here, witnesses who could corroborate the evidence adduced so far were interviewed on the same day (Coenen, 2009). An evaluation of the requisition system for new equipment or office equipment was done to establish the procedures and who were involved in the process.  

Future Concerns - Gattaca and Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Future Concerns Gattaca and Fahrenheit 451 Essay Popular fictions texts expressing views of the future educate audiences about current issues and the dystopias that develop from them. Texts such as the film ‘Gattaca’, directed by Andrew Niccol and novel ‘Fahrenheit 451’ by Ray Bradbury explore futuristic societies and the implications that become of their innovation. Although entertaining, texts such as these are didactic and must be taken seriously, as they communicate messages to audiences regarding prevalent concerns and possible futures based on society’s choices. Gattaca’ (1995) directed by Andrew Niccol, follows the story of the underdog Vincent, who is challenged by genetic discrimination against ‘in? valids’ like himself. Through an elaborate identity switch and the help of ‘genetically advantaged’ Jerome, Vincent prevails to achieve his dreams and find his place at Gattaca Space Station. Niccol utilises conventions of film to convey messages to the audience by highlighting issues relevant to the context of production. Gattaca’ incorporates many themes which highlight the corruption and inequality in this strange, new world. Niccol explores concepts such as elitism, perfection, inequity and modernism. This film opens with two contrasting epigraphs, which entices viewers’ interest into moral themes in ‘Gattaca’. The first quote reads: â€Å"Consider God’s handiwork; Who can straighten what He hath made crooked? † Ecclesiastes 7. 13. An interpretation of this quote is that life is intended to be left alone to take its course, which is contradictory to many ideas in ‘Gattaca’. The quote following reads: â€Å"I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature, I think Mother wants us to. † Willard Gaylin. This presents audiences with differing opinions to contemplate as they consider what scientific advancements their own future holds, watching Vincent in his. The opening scene is an extreme close up shot of Vincent’s fingernails, hair follicles and loose skin, against a blue cubicle. The extreme close up shot suggests importance as the camera focuses in on the subject matter, emphasising the significance of Vincent’s DNA. Sterility and cleanliness is suggested by the use of cold, deep blue hues. The use of blue is constant throughout the film, as is the significance in detail. These concepts tie to other scenes, such as ‘The Eyelash’, where Vincent’s own ‘invalid’ eyelash is discovered during a murder investigation. This concept highlights the precision of technology in the future, and that life with such structure becomes complicated. Audiences can learn lessons from examples such as these scenes s they can relate the situations Vincent is put in with possible futures based on the direction society is heading in present times. Another effective technique demonstrated by Niccol is the first person narration by the central character, Vincent. This is important for the development in the movie, as Vincent is the protagonist we are encouraged to empathise with. Therefore, the use of bias narration and perspective is effective in supporting the ideas presented in the film. Following the opening scene is ‘The Not Too Distant Future’, which cuts to a low angle shot looking up to the bold, symmetrical lines of the building. In this shot, Gattaca is shaded in black and grey tones, also indicating the power and formality of the institution. As the camera tilts down, the strong lines and colouring remain constant as view of the staff are also brought into the frame. Directors have dressed actors in blue business suits, again, enforcing the concept of formality, conformity and sterility. The uniformed staff are very bland and indistinguishable from one another in their uniformed clothing. Silence is broken by the rising volume of diagetic sound effects, such as the beeping sound of accepted ‘valids’ through the turnstile, as well as an anonymous greeting by a placid female voice: â€Å"Welcome to Gattaca†. These techniques develop the idea that society has become lifeless and ‘black and white’, as Gattaca presents characters as clinical and robotic products of genetic modification, teaching audiences about social issues that relate to futures.

Huntingtons Disease :: essays research papers

Huntington's Disease Background Huntington's disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that gives rise to progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated with choleric movements (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) and dementia. It is one of the more common inherited brain disorders. About 25,000 Americans have it and another 60,000 or so will carry the defective gene and will develop the disorder as they age. Physical deterioration occurs over a period of 10 to 20 years, usually beginning in a person's 30's or 40's. The gene is dominant and thus does not skip generations. Having the gene means a 92 percent chance of getting the disease. The disease is associated with increases in the length of a CAG triplet repeat present in a gene called 'huntington' located on chromosome 4. The classic signs of Huntington disease are progressive chorea, rigidity, and dementia, frequently associated with seizures. Studies & Research Studies were done to determine if somatic mtDNA (mitochondria DNA) mutations might contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Huntington's disease. Part of the research was to analyze cerebral deletion levels in the temporal and frontal lobes. Research hypothesis: HD patients have significantly higher mtDNA deletionlevels than agematched controls in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex. To test the hypothesis, the amount of mtDNA deletion in 22 HD patients brains was examined by serial dilution-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared the results with mtDNA deletion levels in 25 aged matched controls. Brain tissues from three cortical regions were taken during an autopsy (from the 22 HD symptomatic HD patients): frontal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, and putamen. Molecular analyses were performed on genetic DNA isolated from 200 mg of frozen brain regions as described above. The HD diagnosis was confirmed in patients by PCR amplification of the trinucleotide repeat in the IT 15 gene. One group was screened with primers that included polymorphism and the other was screened without the polymorphism. After heating the reaction to 94 degrees C for 4 minutes, 27 cycles of 1 minute at 94 degreesC and 2 minutes at 67 degrees C, tests were performed. The PCR products were settled on 8% polyacrylamide gels. The mtDNA deletion levels were quantitated relative to the total mtDNA levels by the dilution-PCR method. When the percentage of the mtDNA deletion relative to total mtDNA was used as a marker of mtDNA damage, most regions of the brain accrued a very small amount of mtDNA damage before age 75. Cortical regions accrued 1 to 2% deletion levels between ages 80-90, and the putamen accrued up to 12% of this deletion after age 80.

Edible Cutlery Essay

In the eco-friendly world, it will no longer be enough to eat your meal before getting dessert; you will have to eat your plate before you get dessert. In fact, your plate may even be dessert. In a brilliant moment of inspiration, Universite de Montreal industrial design professor Diane Bisson saw a vision of a world in which food product waste was drastically reduced and even recycling, as we know it, would carry a lesser burden. Edible plates and containers. The perfect and thorough recycling method. Ms. Bisson stewed her ideas for 10 years until she finally applied and won a research grant allowing her to work with dieticians and chefs to create recipes for plates made without without preservatives, artificial colours or sugar. Their creations are beautiful, spanning all the colours of the spectrum with carved designs of varying thicknesses. Recipes are primarily vegetable-based, so the plates and containers are nutritious. Two hundred of her 400 edible prototypes were prepared for Ms. Bisson’s new book launch at commissaries design gallery in Montreal. They were very tasty, according to gallery owner Pierre Laramee. The book, Edible: The Food as Material will be available in late January. I’ll let you know in the comment section below where it’s being sold. It will have many recipes for edible containers that you can prepare at home. Many of the edible plates made for the book launch were made to blend with the foods they hold, both visually and taste-wise, like a carob plate made to serve sweets. Others included beets or poppy seeds as a base. â€Å"Her ambition is really to try out as many shapes and as many gastronomic food combinations as possible so that we can get into many different markets. She could see a lot of different venues. Just a few of those venues would be shopping mall food stands, hospitals, and catered food services. Next project for Ms. Bisson is to work with a caterer to come up with a five course meal with accompanying edible plates and cutlery. Also, she will have to figure out how to preserve her edible plates without common preservatives, as her current container prototypes are drying up after awhile. Edible plates, containers, cutlery. Think of how they could tastefully change our world. However, the problem with edible plates, and indeed any edible containers, is that in order to be hygienic, they need to be protected by some other packaging that is NOT meant to be eated. Hence, what we need is re-usable packaging. A sealed container protecting the sterile contents inside, from the contaminating world outside, which can be reused many times. An Indian entrepreneur manufactures delicious edible cutlery forks, knives and spoons that can all be eaten up post-meal Even as global warming turns up the heat on the world stage, entrepreneur Narayana Peesapaty, 44, may have found the perfect answer to the mountains of disposable plastic cutlery choking the world: he makes them edible. In other words, after people have eaten their curry and rice, they can now chew and swallow the spoon. The Hyderabad-based entrepreneur’s company – B. K.  Environmental Innovations Private Limited – manufactures eco-friendly forks, knives, spoons and chopsticks in delicious flavours of vanilla, strawberry and pineapple. And all can be gobbled up after the meal. The outfit is part of the New Ventures Global initiative to encourage environment-friendly business ideas in developing countries. Peesapaty, a former scientist at the Institute for International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), is already supplying his product to a raft of hotels, sweet shops and organised retailers in the city. Samples have also been sent to corporate caterers, schools and housewives. It took the scientist another two years to give commercial shape to his idea. I began by checking out the suitability of various cereal flours – wheat, rice and sorghum (jowar) as base for edible cutlery,† he says. Finally, he zeroed in on sorghum. Jowar has traditionally been an important source of nutrients such as folic acid and fiber, yet the domestic consumption of this crop has recently decreased and been replaced by starch-laden rice. B. K. Innovations is thus helping to revitalize the popularity of jowar with consumers, especially since those with diabetes have shown an interest in consuming edible cutlery as a nutritious snack. Vegetable pulp – spinach, beetroot and carrot – were used to add colour and nutritive value to the cutlery. Spinach gave it a green shade, beetroot red and carrots brought out a yellow hue. In 2006, the entrepreneur applied for a process patent for producing edible cutlery. The entrepreneur’s entire production line – comprising blenders, slicers, dyes and an oven – had to be designed and calibrated to ensure that the spoons retained their hardness while not losing out on their taste and nutritive value. BK offers spoons in three flavours and has also expanded its production to edible sandwich wrappers and edible chopsticks. Large-scale domestic buyers have already shown initial interest, and BK Environmental Innovations hopes to eventually enter the international market. Requests from international sellers have come from various countries including Singapore, New Zealand, and Canada. With Japan and China’s growing demand for chopsticks and the decreasing availability of resources, an environmental movement has grown to search for better options. Narayana expects edible chopstick to be a popular alternative to disposable chopsticks. Peesapaty feels there’s a great future ahead for his edible chopsticks which will give stiff competition to the disposable ones. In fact, he aims to corner a portion of the global disposable chopsticks market, which sees sales of around 24 billion units per annum in Japan and 35 billion units in China. However, the innovator’s path has not been without challenges. When he wasn’t getting investors for his dream project, Peesapaty says he had to sell his flat for Rs 35 lakh (about US$ 100,000) three years ago. He then moved to a rented house with his wife and young daughter. In other words, of the Rs 50 lakh Peesapaty has invested in the venture so far, 70% of the funds have come from his own pocket.

Exploratory Research Assignment Essay

Canadian’s first choice for an alcoholic beverage? Beer. Not only is beer a refreshing beverage on a hot, sunny day, it plays a big part in the Canadian heritage. The overall beer consumption over the years has been steady, however with increased competition, it is becoming harder for Canadian breweries to keep up with market trends. Hence, all the major Canadian breweries have been merged with or acquired by the international giants. The competition is rising not only between beer brands, but also within beverage types. Wine consumption in Canada has been increasing substantially. Consumers are always looking for something new and exciting, but at the same time, something they can relate to. â€Å"A key point for success is to bring differentiation while still retaining a recognizable and familiar aspect†(t). Another obstacle the brewing industry is facing is the wrong perception consumers have about beer and its effect on weight and overall health. â€Å"Beer belly†, for example is just a myth. It is vital for companies to educate consumers about the true nutritional value of beer to avoid wrong perceptions and lose consumers to other beverages that seem more calories cautious. Research Objective This report outlines current trends as well as opportunities and threats to the Canadian Brewing Industry. The results were interpreted based on the research conducted on the three major brewing companies: Heineken N. V. , Sleeman Brewery Ltd. , and Molson Coors Brewing Co. We identified and compared these breweries in terms of the background, consumer’s opinions and strategic issues the companies are currently facing. Finally, the recommendations provided outline the possibilities for improvement and growth of the industry if the appropriate changes are undertaken. Research Method This research was conducted based on North American population through trend analysis. The articles were chosen based on relevancy and the date of publication, 2008 and above. The main areas of research were: history of the company, social media impact, strategic issues and opportunities. The focus was on the most recent news and events that affected the company as well as the entire industry. Company Information Heineken N. V. was founded in 1873 in Netherlands and has become the world’s most international brewer (Heineken, 2013). It operates in Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East, The Americas, and Asia Pacific. The company is keen on contributing to a sustainable future. Their strategy is based on the four focus areas: conserving water, decreasing CO2 emissions, responsible agriculture, and responsible consumption. Heineken also believes that innovation is key to future success. The Heineken Ignite beer bottle is their new invention. It is replete with LEDs and motion sensors, â€Å"which let it light up with various effects when drinkers knock bottles to say cheers with someone or take a sip†. The LEDs could also be synchronized with music and activated by light sources. (d) Founded in Guelph, Ontario in 1834, Sleeman Breweries Ltd. became a leading brewer and distributor of premium beer in Canada. (b) Their success came from â€Å"turn-of-the-century† beer recipes and the passion that continues to drive the company to this day. Sleeman’s trademark is their unique clear bottle. In the recent lawsuit against Dead Frog Brewery that uses a similar clear bottle design, John Sleeman, CEO, said: â€Å"Sleeman will always vigorously defend its trademarks, especially where my family’s heritage is concerned. (c) Sleeman Breweries Ltd. was bought out by Sapporo in 2006, however the Japanese firm kept the Sleeman name and business intact because of the intrinsic value that it holds. (e) Molson Inc. is the oldest brewery in North America, established in 1786(a). In 1978, the company bought into sports and entertainment industry, purchasing â€Å"a share in the M ontreal Canadiens and the Montreal Forum, as well as hosting Molson Hockey Night in Canada†(a). Their advertising campaign has always been based on the â€Å"beer-sports† connection, trying to establish that beer and hockey are two defining elements of the Canadian identity. (f) After merging with Coors, Molson Coors Brewing Co. became 5th largest brewer in the world. Below is a comparison table of the three above-mentioned companies, in terms of 2012 sales, place of origin, current position in the market, types of beer offered in Canada, sports associations, and company slogans. Heineken is the most known international beer brand, â€Å"when in doubt, order a Heineken†. But the recent feedback from the consumers shows that Heineken is over-rated. It’s characteristic skunky taste is the result of the green bottles it’s served in. The UV rays break down the hop compounds, which is why the beer tastes different when served from the bottle compared to tap. Heineken however is not ready to let go of their notorious green bottles since that would make it harder to identify the beer, which in turn will hurt the company’s bottom line. Sleeman is known for its flavorful body and clean taste (no skunkiness). Some find it too sweet, others enjoy it. The benefit that Sleeman has over its competitors is that is offers different types of craft beer that other breweries don’t. From fruity India Pale Ale to chocolaty Fine Porter, Sleeman wants to create a long lasting relationship with those, who have an appreciation for beer. However, Sleeman is not as active in the Social Media world as Heineken and Molson are with their catchy commercials and Facebook pages. Molson Canadian was voted #2 in AskMen, men’s online magazine. Be it a hockey game, a backyard bbq or a camping trip, Molson Canadian is what the young generation automatically reaches for, due to Molson’s heavy advertising that incorporates those themes. â€Å"Camping essentials. Lots of firewood and Molson Canadian†- was posted on Twitter along with a picture of a truck loaded with firewood and cases of Molson Canadian. Key trends, opportunities and threats Although beer continues to dominate the market of alcoholic beverages, (c)†beer consumption is declining in the U. S. and Europe, the source of two-thirds of Heineken’s profits, because of tougher drunk-driving laws and a growing appreciation for wine†. The fact is that beer is not seen as a â€Å"fancy drink† that you indulge in, it is time to change that. Companies must start educating consumers about the differences between various types of beer, beer and food pairings, in order to create a better appreciation for the beverage. Another obstacle the brewing industry has to overcome is the â€Å"beer belly† myth. Consumers are becoming more health cautious and many believe that beer is detrimental to weight loss and health in general. The fact is, beer is fat-free, cholesterol-free and low in carbohydrates. Beer is made from hops, barley and wheat, so the beverage contains many nutrients such are: vitamins A, C B6, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, zinc, iron, and calcium. Beer also contains antioxidants and is high in fiber. Those who choose lighter beers in hopes of reducing their caloric intake, are also missing out on all the nutrients the beer holds. Drinking beer in moderation also reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, bone fractures and osteoporosis, kidney stones, digestive ailments, gallstones, and physical ailments affecting the elderly. Beer can be part of a balanced diet and a healthy, active lifestyle. The key is moderation. (brewers association One of the big trends for summer 2013 is light and flavored beer with the hope to appeal more to women, and Molson Canadian is on top of it. Their new line of beer, Molson Wheat, is made with all-natural ingredients; â€Å"the unfiltered wheat lager delivers a hint of malt, balanced by the fruity character of just-ripened bananas†. Molson is also going to introduce Molson Canadian Cider made from 100% Canadian apples and champagne yeast. On the other spectrum, craft beer is also the category that will experience growth, thus Sleeman should undergo a positive turnaround in the near future. The current debate over wider retail distribution of alcoholic beverages is becoming more evident, and more changes and pilot programs are being tested to potentially expand product availability beyond liquor stores. â€Å"In 2013, the province of Ontario – the largest alcoholic drinks market in Canada will become LCBO or Liquor Control Board of Ontario Express stores-within-stores at 10 grocery supermarkets. The Manitoba Liquor Control Commission has also been testing the Liquor Mart Express store within a Canada Safeway supermarket in Winnipeg as of 2012† (Euromonitor International, 2013). Wider retail distribution will definitely create more opportunities for product marketing and retailer distribution, potentially giving more opportunities for smaller local wineries, breweries and distilleries to bring their products to the market (Euromonitor International, 2013) Study Implications and Recommendations There are four main concepts derived from this research: * Perception of beer * Health implications * Competition * Innovation In order to stay competitive, the above 4 concepts must be exercised interchangeably. The brewing industry has a lot of room for improvement and growth. The improvement must begin from changing the consumers’ perspective about beer in order to create a lasting relationship. An ongoing education about beer and beer consumption is also something that can change consumers’ perceptions and preferences. In order to stay competitive, one must â€Å"bring differentiation while still retaining a recognizable and familiar aspect†(t). Social Media is a powerful tool that must be utilized in order to reach consumers as well as to learn about consumer behavior and generate feedback. Study Limitations and Directions for Future Research I found the most credible sources were the company’s websites, Business and Company Resoucre Centre and Global Market Information Database (GMID). The least credible was Wikipedia (was not included in this research paper) since some of the information was not accurate and up do date. Canadian Business and Current Affairs, I found to be the least up to date and least helpful. There is much more research that could be conducted in regards to this topic- alcohol regulation, exporting tariffs, cross marketing strategies, etc. The above research should be used as a foundation for the in depth analysis of the brewing industry of Canada.

The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate

The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate Introduction The essay is an in-depth examination of two major economic terms; real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate. It is no doubt that these terms are more often than not used in economy. Unfortunately, it does not only confuse non economist but also some of the economics students (OSullivan Sheffrin 24).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper thus seeks to clearly distinguish the two terms and succinctly explain the reasons behind real exchange rate being used rather than nominal exchange rates. It is worth mentioning here that exchange rate is of great significance in economics since it expresses a country’s currency quotation as compared to foreign currencies (Munro 41). It helps in specifying how much a currency of one country is worth compared to another. For that matter it is used in converting cu rrencies. There are different types of exchange rate; sport, forward, bilateral, pegged real and nominal the last two are the center of discussion. Differences between real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate Nominal exchange rate has been economically defined as the actual foreign exchange quotation which is the opposite of real exchange rate that has been adequately adjusted to cater for changes in the purchasing power of a country currency. Mathematically, nominal exchange rate is considered in terms of prices of domestic currency of a unit of currencies from other foreign countries. It is worth noting that the determinants of nominal exchange rate are; changes in real side of economy, variability in monetary as well as financial attributes usually influenced by what has been termed as cross link market and finally past as well as current values of same financial markets with it independent variability (Smith par. 3). Additionally, nominal exchange rates are brought to play i n financial markets. In that case they are more less the same as stock exchange market. It is worth noting that the establishment of the rate is done on a continuous quotation. Print media especially newspaper on daily basis report such quotations. There are also cases where the central bank might engage in fixing such type of rate (Sanderson 31).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, real exchange rate has been thought of as a corrected nominal rate probably by considering issues relating to inflation. Strictly speaking, real exchange rate is different from nominal exchange rate as the former factors in issues of goods that are either tradable or non-tradable. With this in mind, when prices go up and other things remain constant, and then real exchange rate appreciates (OSullivan Sheffrin 345). Additionally, real exchange rate tells us more about the differences in prices by weighting trade volumes. Similarly, it shows what a country really gets for one unit of her domestic currency. Reasons why real exchange rate is utilize According to Gillmore par. 5 the major reason for utilizing real exchange rate over nominal exchange rate solemnly lies on the concept that the former is a corrected version of the later. This means that the varying level of inflation rates in various countries as compared to that of a given country is adequately factored in (Sanderson 19). For that reason, this provides the relevant stakeholders with a more specific and informative value of their currency. This is very important considering doing business internationally (Engel 45). Conclusion From the review of the two economic terms, nominal and real exchange rate, there are indeed some distinguishing characteristics such as real exchange rate factors in issue relating to inflation rates while nominal does not. Similarly real exchange rate is ut ilize rather than nominal exchange rate since it provide individuals and government with informative information concerning the country’s currency strength as it considers inflation rates from different countries. Engel, Charles. Exchange rates and prices, 1998. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gillmore, David. The costs of inflation, 2008. Web. Munro, Anella. What drives the New Zealand dollar? 2004. Web. OSullivan, Arthur Sheffrin, Steven. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. pp. 458. Sanderson, Raymond. Exchange rates and export performance: evidence from the micro data 2009. Web. Smith, Mark. Impact of the exchange rate on export volumes, 2004. Web.

Examination of The Little Matchstick Girl

Examination of The Little Matchstick Girl First published in 1845, The Little Match Girl by  Hans Christian Anderson  is a story about a young impoverished girl trying to sell matches on the street on New Years Eve who is afraid to go home without selling enough for fear of an abusive father. This tragic short story paints a dismal picture of life for the poor in the 1840s but also carries with it that grim hope of a fairy tale with visions of huge Christmas trees and shooting stars appearing before the young match girl- her dying wishes and dreams. The Harsh Realities of Poverty Andersons The Little Match Girl is not far from classic fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm- they both share a certain darkness to their content, a melancholic and an often morbid obsession with consequences for actions or for merely existing. Its an often studied piece in academic circles. In The Little Match Girl, Andersons titular character dies by the end of the piece, but the story is much more about the perseverance of hope. In these sparse, unforgiving lines, Hans Christian Andersen packs so much simple beauty and hope: The girl is cold, barefoot, and poor- without a friend in the world (it seems)- but she is not without hope. She dreams of warmth and light, of a time when she will be surrounded by love, and filled with happiness. Its so far outside of the realm of her current experience that most of us would have long since given up such dreams, but she holds on. Still, the harsh realities of poverty haunt the little girls reality- she must sell a match for fear of being beaten by her father upon returning home and this fear propels her to stay outside all night, which ultimately leads to her death by hypothermia. Lessons and Adaptations Thanks to its brevity and delicate approach to the topic of death, The Little Match Girl serves as a great tool, like most fairy tales, to teach children important lessons about the tougher topics in life like death and loss as well as social issues like poverty and charity. We may not want to think about the horrible things that happen every day, and its certainly hard to explain such things to our children. It does seem, though, that we can often learn the greatest lessons from the children- in how they deal with the most hopeless situations. In those final moments, this little girl sees visions of splendor. She sees hope. But, her passing- punctuated by the shooting of a star in the night sky- is tragic and troubling. Fortunately, there have also been many adaptations of this short piece by Hans Christian Anderson including several animated and live action short films which provide an easier way for children to access the themes of this brilliant short work of fiction.

CRITICALLY EXAMINE RECENT RESEARCH INTO THE INFLUENCE OF GRANDPARENTS Essay

CRITICALLY EXAMINE RECENT RESEARCH INTO THE INFLUENCE OF GRANDPARENTS AS CARERS ON CHILDRENS LIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME - Essay Example he need for extended families is compounded by the rise economic stagnation manifested by reduction in real wages, and overall reduction in jobs offering benefits and a living wage, and government sector retrenchments for single mothers, and working poor (Baker, Silverstein, and Putney, 2008, p. 2).The result is a compromise in the ability of parents to raise their children while increasing the childcare gap. In this case, grandparents are the most reliable guardian in such distressed families as their sons and daughters in the middle-generation are incapable of rearing their children on their own. Baker, Silverstein, and Putney (2008, p. 3) highlight that about 6.5 million children in the United States live with one grandparent causing about 9% of all children nationally. This means that while the parents of these children work, grandparents are used as babysitters, who offer childcare. Consequently, families translate into multi-generational households. The grandparents living with grandchildren can be custodial or non-custodial. With custodial carer, the grandparents care for grandchildren on a full time basis. The grandparents can be relatives or non relatives the grandchildren left to care for children, especially where the motheres return to work after having a baby (Grandparents Plus). Unrelated grandparents are just day carers. Conversely, non-custodial grandparents caring for grandchildren are just day carers who are not the principle source of care for the children since their parents are either co-residents or not. However, the research notes that grandparent carers are unevenly distributed across racial groups and social classes, especially where poor families depend on them as cheap childcare that facilitates both parents to work (Grandparents Plus). Furthermore, amongst African Americans custodial grandparenting rates are very high given the historically high rates of single parenting and poverty (Backhouse 12). Extended familism’s cultural

Food industry website reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Food industry website reviews - Essay Example This website mainly deals with providing information regarding various recipes and food items. It has also got search fields for finding recipes directly and also by occasion. The site is attractive and is a good source of information for food lovers.It is quite obvious that the website is an extension of the ads that can be observed. The ad that is displayed on the home page (www.4under400.com) . This site provides information that is quite contextual with the site. It offers information on the item sandwiches having low calorie content which is a part of the recipes that www.oscarmayer.com offers.The site not only offers information on food items but also offers updates, games and contests making it attractive for visitors. There must be more ads for this site. This would assist in promoting the site and also if there is a provision of home delivery of the food items via the site it would be a splendid one. Also there must be a provision for visitors to send their own recipes made by themselves. There must be a mail that would accept visitors recipes and select the best one and if possible reward them suitable. This would make this site excellent. Also games related to recipes must be provided. Also there must be a questionnaire field in which the visitors would ask questions related to recipes and receive suitable answers. The best field that could be included is a chat field that would help people to exchange ideas related to recipes.... There is a customer care option that provides usage and care for the products being offered. It provides warranty information, customer's order status, contact address of the site, return policy and FAQs that would clear any doubts that the customer may have. There is also an e-club option where the customer can be a member and would receive updates via e-mail. There is a Bridal option that would provide dinnerware specially for marriages. The site is well organized and meets all the needs of the customer. This can be observed by the way the banners are arranged and the ads are placed. From the banner it can be observed that there are four options provided. There is a "New Products" option where some new Corelle products and patterns are provided. There is a "Valentine Deal" option where some good deals are provided for the month of February where some rebate would be offered for the goods. There is a "Hot Buys" option which offers some good deals on Corelle products and lastly there is the "Take Our Survey" option in which the customers or visitors can ask for those patterns that were retired or not longer provided. Also there is a search field for searching patterns of the dinner ware that would be very well useful for the customers to search for product having the pattern of their choice. This site is aptly an extension of the ads placed on it. This is because the ad Bridal Registry (www.worldbridekitchen.com) offers registration for some important staples for the kitchen which is a good context for this site. The site of this ad provides kitchen essentials such as CorningWare, Revere, Pyrex, and Chicago Cutlery, and so on. It can be suggested to include other options such as games and

Case Study ( see uploaded files) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Case Study ( see uploaded files) - Assignment Example Continuous communication and consultation with the leads of major sectors can compensate for their absence on the  planning  team. A difference is made between the focus and level of detail in  strategic  plan elements and what is granted in each department/programs annual goals and action steps. However, a glossary was part of the  strategic  plan, "goals," "objectives," and "action steps" were not discussed. On the other hand, there were some misunderstandings about how these  strategic  plan factors fit together. Use the  planning  committee members to draft everything up to the point of assignment of responsibility and the specific action steps/strategies for achieing the objectives. Such an exercise allows the proper department heads to draft these more detailed statements. If this is not workable, at least include department leads by having them co-ordinate to the committees work. Reading about the theory and mechanics of  strategic  planning  and reviewing other libraries  strategic  plans, however, are only the first steps toward achieving a workable plan for ones own library and garnering sufficient support to make the plan a reality. According to Edward R (1996) Nestle puts continuously its efforts to understand the better changing lifestyle of people and predict the needs of consumer in order to provide Health and Wellness, Nutrition and Taste through its offerings of the product. The culture of renovation and innovation within the company can access to the group of Nestles brands/technology expertise. They also affect the centralized facilities of the Research and Development which gives a distinct advantage of efforts. It helps the company to create a value that can be supported over the long term by offering the customers a wide variety of high quality safe products of food at affordable price. Brown L R (1991) says that Nestle manufactures the products of the international quality under

University and Students Essay Example for Free

University and Students Essay Introduction The hotel and restaurant management is the worlds largest industry and offers unrivalled opportunities for an exciting and rewarding career, though the outlook for employment in this industry is rapidly growing. With the increasing demand for highly skilled hospitality managers there has never been a better time to gain a qualification in this dynamic global industry. The Hotel and Restaurant Management program responds to this challenge with a comprehensive blend of practical and theoretical courses driven by hotel industry. The HRM curriculum combines courses in business administration, communications, quantitative studies, the humanities and the sciences, with in-depth courses in foods, foodservice systems management, hotel operations and human resource management to provide a strong base for professional success. On the recent enrollment at Laguna State Polytechnic University SPCC, students of Hotel and Restaurant Management course gradually increased, this shows that many students are giving interest in the course. Based on the previous research, the course is now being recognized as one of the top courses to be taken in the country. One of the benefits of choosing this course is that the student can learn about knowing the right managerial skills in handling a Hotel and Restaurant and also learning about the different kinds of foods that they can cook. Though this course is not only to learn about cooking, one shouldve studied culinary arts for that, but primarily to have the knowledge, skills, and the right preparations for a student to be ready to handle supervisory and management positions in hospitality management. For students to be trained under an instructor in a practical setting of a restaurant or any other similar establishment, the right mindset and attitude must be present. The performance of a student in managing even just a small business serves as an enhancement of their knowledge and skills. It works as a substantial internship for future work and management. One of the factors in choosing the course, is being chosen and going out of the country to train and learn more about the industry that they have chosen. The experience that the students gain will be a valuable asset in finding a job or taking up Master’s Degree. The importance of choosing Hotel and Restaurant Management course is it will be the building blocks for the success in the future. Students need to be more attentive and interested in this course because it will help them to be prepared for their job in the future. Through studying this course students will become an effective and competent manager in the future. They will be prepared to take what they’ve learn here and go forward to undertake successful management roles within any of the hospitality sectors, namely, hotels, restaurants resorts and clubs. This course will enable freshmen student to advance their career to senior level so they can operate effectively at a strategic level in this increasingly competitive sector. While learning how to apply theory to complex problems, they will also gain an advanced understanding of business disciplines, including marketing, human resources, finance and operations management on an international level. Understanding how to be a leader, how to work with people and how to increase profits in hospitality businesses are all vital skills, and will be studied through the course. Special emphasis will be placed on preparing students for the trends in globalization which will be prevalent in tomorrows hospitality industry. Hotel and Restaurant students will acquire the competencies they need to be industry leaders in the competitive hotel and restaurant business environment. In order for them to achieve success in this industry, they need to have the ability to get along with all kinds of people under all kinds of conditions. the people they must deal with in this industry, guest and employees alike, vary widely in terms of education, personal experience, intelligence, business background, nationality, and personal characteristics. To succeed in the hotel industry, they must be broadminded, tolerant, understanding, and humane. It is important to keep in mind that as a future hotelier, they will regularly be dealing with many different temperaments in various situations. Any person contemplating a career in the hotel industry should be neat, have a flair for detail, and be willing to be of service to others. This last requirement is not a catchall phrase; it embodies the ability to listen attentively, have ready smile, and maintain a reserved manner. Therefore, anyone with an uncontrollable temper or an inbred shyness must try to overcome these defects to have a successful career in the hotel industry. The early development of the concern among the HRM students should not perish in their minds to defeat the stress that they are facing. It’s obvious that first year of education faces a trouble that maybe foreign to their mind and new to their knowledge. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies, such as; the choice of college course, academic problem, students schedule and of course the environmental adjustments. But the serious case that arises in some observation is that, the focus they have in the first years of their study is not that intense. Therefore, the students must make their way to create a new passage to accelerate in their subject matter. The HRM graduates believe that this will be a broad base of management and technical skills which enable them to immediately be productive in the workplace. This study intended to state the perceived difficulties met by freshmen HRM students of LSPU and their achievements in school. Direct and indirect sources of evidence of student performance will be conducted and quantify to find out the freshmen sentiments and therefore provide the most probable solutions that will reflect effective results. Background of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the difficulties of 1st year HRM students’ and the impact of college adjustments. The difficulties face by first year student found to be the choice of college course, school curriculum, schedule, socializing with new people, as well as the environmental adjustments. Based on the previous research, it found that the major difficulties face by majority of the students is choice of college course, where in many freshmen choose HRM course because they think that it is easy and a fast way to graduate because some of the mindset of the students are just to graduate and get a job like being a waiter or bartender, without thinking that the knowledge that they learned wasn’t put into good use and disregarding their personal interest that lead them into difficulties. This was followed by the academic problems such as difficult to understand well the teacher’s lectures. However many first year students encounter difficulties in organizing their selves to do individual studies as they easily give into distractions. For example some first year students loiter around avoiding lectures and tutorials thus coming to school with different intensions. And also their time management involves doing the right thing at the right time. First year students in particular tend to misuse the time that is given. The difficulties to attend class as early as 7 in the morning. Managing time effortlessly can make the difference between a successful student and one who is defeated by stress. Other than that, students also faced health problems where they have difficulty in taking care of their health. One study identified the difficulties of the first year students and pointing out that the main cause of these problems is a big amount of stress during their life a student. A HRM student, actually in a broad sense, all of the students’ faces some series of challenges and stressors. But more likely, the HRM students are the one who are in the center of experiencing stress, especially the first year students. The stress maybe came from their friends, professors, colleagues, family or relatives, and even relationships and competition. Every day, students doesn’t only needs a brain to do a workload and be happy to grab it fast but they also founding certain emotions in dealing with the other people and not always facing the thick pages of a book. HRM students experience stress severe enough to induce mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. The source of the stress in HRM students is related in their learning experience and the programs that they enrolled into. Difficulties are a challenge to freshmen in achieving academic excellence. The continuous activities making the students accumulated the burnout behaviors which are characterized by reduction in their performance. And just like the domino effect, everything else follows. The students are destined to feel slight health failure, physical illness and emotional stress. There is also physical and psychological symptoms of stress that are present in every HRM students that suffered pressure such as irritability, inability to concentrate, insomnia, depression, muscular tension and aches, palpitations, lack of appetite and others. But actually, not all the case of a HRM student finds a negative response on the stress factor. There is the existence of the arousal that at some point increases and improves the performance. Those difficulties among first year students should be given a serious attention as a serious adjustment problem could lead to student’s failure to complete their studies. This study may increase the knowledge on how they can interact and motivate themselves and adapt to the changes that would be necessary for their growth and development. Theoretical Framework According to Stephen Pravel’s Theory of Catastrophic Misinterpretation which explain that both educational researchers and experienced teachers develop what might be called theories of difficulty. A strong theory of difficulty identifies learners characteristic trouble spots for a particular area of instruction and includes some causal analysis of why they occur toward improved teaching and learning. The literature on learning and development offers numerous ways of understanding conceptual difficulties, as well as recognizing problems of ritualized knowledge, inert knowledge, knowledge too foreign for learners to engage it readily, and tacit knowledge, the partly unconscious nature of which poses learning challenges. In a number of studies, a strong theory of difficulty has led to improved learning. In everyday teaching, teachers response to recurrent difficulties may fall short. One not uncommon reaction is to blame the learners weaknesses and simply keep teaching in the same way. Another better reaction is to teach harder’; lavishing more time and attention on characteristic difficulties without any causal analysis of what makes them problematic. Most effective is to teach smarter based on a causal analysis refined through experience. The construction of informal theories of difficulty is an important part of the craft of teaching. He also discusses motivation from the perspective of contextual factors and school socialization processes that have the potential to influence student motivation and subsequent performance. In this regard, teachers instructional practices and interpersonal relationships with students are highlighted as potentially powerful factors influencing student motivation and performance. This theory will also serve as determinant of this study. Through the use of both direct and indirect sources of evidence of student performance, results from assessment guide collective actions for, among others, curricular change, better learning opportunities for students, improvement of teaching, and more effective academic support services. That is, the result which will be posted at the end of the study and shall be well classified to determine whether or not freshmen students need to worry and confused in pursuing HRM and in the end it will help them to achieve higher education and scholastic achievements, and give them an advantage in the job market and the credibility they need to achieve their career in hospitality. Coceptual Framework The researchers presented a research paradigm of the difficulties and achievements of freshmen college students of Laguna State Polytechnic University it showed the personal profile of the freshmen college students, the profile included the age, gender, civil status and family income. Factors under the difficulties by freshmen are the choice of college course, academic problem, schedule, and environmental adjustment. While in the achievement is measured by the scholastic, extra-curricular and the exposure into hospitality industry. Research Paradigm Figure 1 Achievements in School of the respondents a. Scholastic b. Extra-Curricular c. Exposure into Hospitality Industry| Independent Variable Dependent Variable Respondents’ Profile a. Age b. Gender c. Civil status d. Family IncomePerceived Difficulties of the respondents a. Choice of College Course b. Academic Problem c. Schedule d. Environmental Adjustment| The Figure 1 shows the relationship between the independent variables the dependent variable. Statement of the Problem The objective of the study is to determine the difficulties met by first  year HRM students in Laguna State Polytechnic University and how they overcome it by achieving something in school. This study is significant to the students of Laguna State Polytechnic University SPCC, These may served as their guide for the readers and future researchers who will also have a relative topic, in order to provide them idea and knowledge in handling different problems encountered in hotel and restaurant course. And provide source of information and also to motivate them to improve their performance in order to achieve something in school. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a. Age, b. Gender, c. Civil Status and d. Family Income? 2. What are the difficulties met by first year HRM students as perceived by themselves? a. Choice of College Course, b. Academic Problem, c. Schedule and d. Environmental Adjustment? 3. What are the achievements of first year HRM students? a. Scholastic, b. Extra-Curricular and c. Exposure into Hospitality Industry? 4. Do the perceived difficulties of the first year HRM students relate significantly to their achievement? Hypothesis * There is no significant relationship between the perceived difficulties of the first year student to their achievements in school. Significance of the Study The results of this study have relevance to the following: School and administration. The findings of the study can give more information to the school and administration about the students for them to be aware in understanding the difficulties faced by the students to provide good social environment that help students easily to adjust socially that can improve their academic achievements in school. Teachers. This study will provide a better understanding about difficulties and achievements of the students and to guide them how the students be at ease to its environment and exhibits the potential of the students. Respondents. This study will encourage all HRM students, especially to the first year students to face their difficulties and learn to overcome it. And this would be a great help for them to analyze their weak point in studies and how they will optimize them. Though they suffering into difficulties they can still motivate themselves to pursue their course and received scholastic achievements. Parents. The result of this study may also serve as a guide to parents on how they will guide and help their son and daughter with regards to their difficulties and achievements in school and by understanding the anxiety felt by their children. Researchers. This study may provide necessary information in order to answer their questions and can contribute to other future researchers. Future Researcher. The findings of this study can assist them as their point of reference in continuing the study of relationship of difficulties and achievements of students in school. Scope and limitation. The coverage of this study is to determine the degree of difficulties among first year HRM students and their scholastic achievements in Laguna State Polytechnic University San Pablo City Campus. The covered period for this study starts from 2011 up to 2012. Research will only be focused on the perceived difficulties met by first year HRM student and their achievement in school and not from other related topics. Definition of Terms The researchers defined the terms used in the study, operationally and functionally. Achievement. The attainment of students to overcome their fears and difficulties by aiming their goals. Academic Problem. anxiety of the students related to their academic difficulties that is hard to overcome Choice of College Course. This is the choice of the incoming college students to know or to pursue what they want in the future Difficulty. this is the anxiety faced about the students about their task or fears. Environmental Adjustment. this is how the freshmen students adopt changes in their new environment Extra- Curricular. one way on how students get a good grades and this is also way of the students how to use their skills HRM. A course where the students can enhance their skills in cooking, housekeeping, bartending, hotel operation, restaurant operation and management Master’s Degree. is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study. Perception. this is how the students interpret or see different things about the same situation Schedule. Part of the class program that the student oblique to follow it Scholastic. students that adheres to a method or subtitles of the school Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE. A review of related literature and studies about the difficulties and achievements of freshmen HRM students who came from Laguna State Polytechnic University is presented in this chapter. This chapter provides information on underlying theories, guidelines and concepts of value to this research. The researchers gathered literature and studies from different authors of book from foreign and local for better understanding of the problem. Different related literature presents different content with regards the variable that is used in the study. Related Literature According to Bobby Quitan, (2006) the interpersonal influences of others, such as parents and peers, have been involved in students’ aspirations to attend college. Students whose parents begin to encourage them to consider college early in their educational career are more likely to attend college. Quitan also stated that it have found that parental encouragement to attend college has a direct effect on college attendance. Students who have friends interested in attending college are more likely to pursue an undergraduate degree as well. Peers who plan to pursue a college degree positively reinforce college choice decisions. The college choice process refers to the factors that influence applicants when deciding which colleges to apply to and what factors to consider when deciding which of the colleges or universities they have been admitted to they wish to attend In order to gain a better understanding of this process, it was necessary to examine the stages that college applicants go through during the college selection process. The author said that there are three main stages of these models are predisposition, search and choice. The first stage of the college selection process in most models is predisposition. Quitan also refer to this stage as the college aspiration formation stage. This stage is characterized by students determining whether they would like to attend college. During this stage, certain background characteristics influence students. These influences include socioeconomic status, race, sex, ability, achievement, attitudes, and educational background of parents and peers. The socioeconomic status of a student can open doors of access to certain students or limit their ability to even consider attending college. Students with high socioeconomic status are more likely to go on to college than students with low socioeconomic status. The author also described three basic approaches that have been used to study the college selection process; social psychological studies, economic studies and sociological status attainment studies. All three approaches focus on decision-making influences. The first approach to the college selection process, social psychological studies, examines three main factors. The first factor incorporates the impact of the academic program that the student chooses, the social climate of the campus, the cost and location of the college, and the influence that other students have on the student’s college choice. The second factor is the student’s assessment of how they fit into the institution they have chosen. The third factor is the cognitive stages of college choice. The second approach includes economic studies that examine college choice. The author view college choice as an investment decision for the student. (Bobby Quitan, 2006). According to Ronan S. Estoque, Rogelyo G. Dela Cruz, Marinel Ivy P. Tan-Pichay (2006) the academic reputations of the university are factors that influence the students’ decisions to attend college. A large number of students enter their undergraduate institution undecided on an academic major. The students are attracted to institutions that can provide them with a wide variety of academic majors from which to choose. The academic reputation of an institution can also be very important to the students. They expect to acquire knowledge and skills in a particular field so they will be marketable for the jobs they want to pursue. Attending a college that has an excellent reputation for a specific academic program such as HRM or business will assist them in achieving their goal. Students also see academic reputation as leading to more job opportunities for them. Academic issues are just one group of factors that have an effect on the success of a student at a particular institution. Other factors within the institution may affect the student as well. These factors may be related to the social climate at a university and may create issues for students when selecting a college course. The author view on what generic competencies such as analytical thinking, ability and willingness to learn, self-confidence, relationship building was sought in order to compare these with the students’ views. The students should also be aware of the needs and be able to relate their abilities to those required by employers. If students do not see the need or importance, the likelihood of higher education institutions managing to convince students to instill these, will be difficult by enhancing their skills, competencies, personal attributes, enthusiasm, self-confidence, and knowledge that are needed in the work place, makes graduates more employable and likely to be successful in their chosen careers, which benefits themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy. During this time, through the guidance of the mentor and the opportunity to actually work in a work environment the students will learn how to work with people, develop communication skills and learn how to get things done Lani Florian, (2007), said that the extracurricular activities play an important role in todays secondary education programs. When one considers the large number of activities available, one realizes the diversity of the programs. Included are athletics, publications, student government, fine arts, academic clubs, service organizations, and special interest activities. There has been a considerable amount of studying the relationship between student involvement in activities and student academic achievement. Although a positive correlation has been shown in many of these studies, there is still a fierce battle among educators concerning the need for extracurricular activities. Two positions appear to be prevalent in todays academic community. These are referred to as either the academic or developmental perspective. The academic perspective considers extracurricular activities as purely leisure and not part of the purpose of schools. The developmental perspective considers extracurricular activities necessary to the total development of the student in todays schools. Even those activities that dont require loss of classroom time are perceived to take away study time. These educators support cutting or eliminating activities for budgetary reasons. Educators who believe in the developmental perspective see activities as an extension of the educational program. Activities allow students to develop skills such as leadership, sportsmanship, self-discipline, self-confidence, and the ability to handle competitive situations. Extra-curricular activities offer an opportunity to interact in ways that allow the previously mentioned skills to blossom. The developmental minded believe that many of these skills would be impossible or very difficult to develop in a classroom setting. Participation in extracurricular activities is positively associated with many student characteristics. Participation is associated with higher levels of self-esteem. Participation is associated with lower delinquencyiabsenteeism rates the academic perspective theory considers extra-curricular activities as purely leisure and not part of the purpose of schools. Those educators that profess to the academic development theory argue that work is a deterrent to academic achievement. The author said that the participation in extracurricular activity has a small but consistently positive effect on academic achievement. Ethel Magalona, M. A. , Evelyn Salting-Sadsad, Ph. D, (2008), said that the differential scholastic achievement of students has been and is still a source of concern and research interest to educators, government and parents. This is so because of the great importance that education has on the national development of the country. All over the country, there is a consensus of opinion about the fallen standard of education. Poor academic performance is a performance that is adjudged by the examinee/tested and some other significant as falling below an expected standard. A person’s educational is closely linked to their life chances, income, and well being. The interpretation of the expected or desired standard is better appreciated from the perpetual cognitive ability of the valuator of the performance. The evaluator or assessor can therefore give different interpretations depending on some factors. Therefore, it is important to have a clear understanding of what benefits or hinders one’s educational attainment. Raising Academic Achievement narrowed the focus to what the program evaluations had to say about one set of outcomes. The current volume narrows the focus further to academic outcomes for minority students. Yet, within this academic achievement category, the focus is deep, seeking outcomes along an optimal pathway of academic achievement we wish all young people could take. It is the hope that all young people will attend school, arrive on time, go to all classes read at grade level or above do well in the sciences, mathematics and technology persist to high school graduation be appropriately identified and served for any special needs obtain good grades have access to and do well in academically challenging courses have opportunities to apply their knowledge while in school (through work-based learning or service-learning) Follow a coherent course sequence leading to postsecondary education take standardized and college entrance exams and obtain competitive scores make thoughtful guided decisions about college attendance and financing enroll in college have no need for remedial education in college sustain academic achievement and good grades in college sustain financial aid sustain college enrollment graduate from college and successfully pursue graduate/professional school degrees or fulfilling work in their chosen career. Information was sought for each level of educational achievement along this pathway. Information was also sought in the youth development literature about youth that are not in school, but there was little data on academic achievement to be found here. There was however, a great deal of writing on the topics of minority over-representation in special education, misidentification for special education, underrepresentation in gifted and talented programs, Advanced Placement, Honors and other advanced classes, and over-representation in the juvenile justice and adult penal systems. Derect Chadee, (2011), said that the social atmosphere of a campus can affect students in various ways. The author said that the students experience difficulty adjusting to an environment that is culturally different to what they have been comfortable with at their high schools. Some students experience culture shock when attending an institution where they are in the minority and they have not been accustomed to this type of atmosphere before. The author said the importance of living environment, social support and making meaningful relationship connections have on students overall adjustment to the college environment. Institutions that provide opportunities for not only academic support, but also social and personal support increase their retention rates. The author suggested that relationships and making meaningful connections are important for students to adjust to the college environment. Students who have been able to establish bonds in their new environment adjusted better than students who were isolated and not as successful in establishing new friendships and relationships. The theory of attachment has been used to explain the importance of emotional bonds and healthy adjustment. Healthy individuals tend to have secure attachments to parents, guardians, and significant others in their lives. Individuals with secure attachments tend to have an easier time transitioning to college than individuals who do not have secure attachments. Relationships with parents may change when students go to college, which can be a difficult transition for all involved, and cause additional stress and pressure on the students as they move through the developmental process and become adults. The process of adjustment can be frustrating and overwhelming for many students, leading to emotional maladjustment and depression which may, in turn, negatively affect college performance. Powers, Clayton W. Barrows, (2006). The high levels of social support buffer individuals from stress. Attachment theory has emphasized the importance of healthy emotional bonds, and students who are able to create and maintain healthy bonds with others tend to have an easier time adjusting to  college. Social adjustment may be just as important as academic adjustment; according to Clayton (2006) the personal adjustment and integration of the social fabric of campus life play a role at least as important as academic factors in student retention. One way of assisting students in establishing connections is to help them become involved in campus life. Student social adjustment to the college environment has been linked to student involvement in the university and has appeared to be a major factor in a students overall adjustment. The transition to college is difficult for many students and students need support and encouragement to join various organizations and participate in activities to feel like they are a part of the university community. Activities serve not only as a coping mechanism, but also have assisted students in making new friends and finding their place in the university community. Thus it is only natural that the residence halls would be ideal places to have activities for freshmen and help create a sense of connection to the university. Female students face unique problems adjusting to college. For example, there are more roles and opportunities for women than ever before; however those roles may not be acceptable to their families.